X-Ray Data Booklet

Section 5.2  Physical Properties of the Elements

 

Table 5-2 lists several important properties of the elements. Data were taken mostly from D. R. Lide, Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999). Atomic weights apply to elements as they exist naturally on earth; values in parentheses are the mass numbers for the longest-lived isotopes. Some uncertainty exists in the last digit of each atomic weight. Specific heats are given for the ele­ments at 25°C and a pressure of 100 kPa. Densities for solids and liquids are given as specific gravities at 20°C unless other­wise indicated by a superscript temperature (in °C); densities for the gaseous elements are given in g/cm3 for the liquids at their boiling points. The ionization energies were taken from http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/IonEnergy/ ionEnergy. html. A PDF version of this table is also available.

Table 5-2. Properties of the elements.

 

 

 

 

Melting

Boiling

 

 

Ionization

Specific

 

Atomic

 

point

point

Ground-state

Ground

energy

heat

   Z   Element

weight

Density

(°C)

(°C)

configuration

level

(eV)

(J/g·K)

   1   Hydrogen

1.00794

0.0708

–259.34

–252.87

1s

2S1/2

13.598

14.304

   2   Helium

4.002602

0.122

—

–268.93

1s2

1S0

24.587

5.193

   3   Lithium

6.941

0.534

180.50

1342

1s2 2s

2S1/2

5.392

3.582

   4   Beryllium

9.012182

1.848

1287

2471

1s2 2s2

1S0

9.323

1.825

   5   Boron

10.811

2.34

2075

4000

1s2 2s2 2p

21/2

8.298

1.026

   6   Carbon

12.0107

1.9–2.3 (graphite)

449210.3 MPa

3825b

1s2 2s2 2p2

3P0

11.260

0.709

   7   Nitrogen

14.00674

0.808

–210.00

–195.79

1s2 2s2 2p3

43/2

14.534

1.040

   8   Oxygen

15.9994

1.14

–218.79

–182.95

1s2 2s2 2p4

3P2

13.618

0.918

   9   Fluorine

18.9984032

1.50

–219.62

–188.12

1s2 2s2 2p5

23/2

17.423

0.824

10   Neon

20.1797

1.207

–248.59

–246.08

1s2 2s2 2p6

1S0

21.565

1.030

11   Sodium

22.989770

0.971

97.80

883

[Ne]  3s

2S1/2

5.139

1.228

12   Magnesium

24.3050

1.738

650

1090

[Ne]  3s2

1S0

7.646

1.023

13   Aluminum

26.981538

2.6989

660.32

2519

[Ne]  3s2  3p

21/2

5.986

0.897

14   Silicon

28.0855

2.3325

1414

3265

[Ne]  3s2  3p2

3P0

8.152

0.705

15   Phosphorus

30.973761

1.82

44.15

280.5

[Ne]  3s2  3p3

43/2

10.487

0.769

16   Sulfur

32.066

2.07

119.6

444.60

[Ne]  3s2  3p4

3P2

10.360

0.710

17   Chlorine

35.4527

1.56–33.6

–101.5

–34.04

[Ne]  3s2  3p5

23/2

12.968

0.479

18   Argon

39.948

1.40

–189.35

–185.85

[Ne]  3s2  3p6

1S0

15.760

0.520

19   Potassium

39.0983

0.862

63.5

759

[Ar]            4s

2S1/2

4.341

0.757

20   Calcium

40.078

1.55

842

1484

[Ar]            4s2

1S0

6.113

0.647

21   Scandium

44.955910

2.98925

1541

2836

[Ar]  3d      4s2

2D3/2

6.562

0.568

22   Titanium

47.867

4.54

1668

3287

[Ar]  3d2    4s2

3F2

6.828

0.523

23   Vanadium

50.9415

6.1118.7

1910

3407

[Ar]  3d3    4s2

4F3/2

6.746

0.489

24   Chromium

51.9961

7.18–7.20

1907

2671

[Ar]  3d5    4s

7S3

6.766

0.449

25   Manganese

54.938049

7.21–7.44

1246

2061

[Ar]  3d5    4s2

6S5/2

7.434

0.479

26   Iron

55.845

7.874

1538

2861

[Ar]  3d6    4s2

5D4

7.902

0.449


 

 

 

Melting

Boiling

 

 

Ionization

Specific

 

Atomic

 

point

point

Ground-state

Ground

energy

heat

   Z   Element

weight

Density

(°C)

(°C)

configuration

level

(eV)

(J/g·K)

27   Cobalt

58.933200

8.9

1495

2927

[Ar]  3d7    4s2

4F9/2

7.881

0.421

28   Nickel

58.6934

8.90225

1455

2913

[Ar]  3d8    4s2

3F4

7.640

0.444

29   Copper

63.546

8.96

1084.62

2562

[Ar]  3d10   4s

2S1/2

7.726

0.385

30   Zinc

65.39

7.13325

419.53

907

[Ar]  3d10   4s2

1S0

9.394

0.388

31   Gallium

69.723

5.90429.6

29.76

2204

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p

21/2

5.999

0.371

32   Germanium

72.61

5.32325

938.25

2833

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p2

3P0

7.899

0.320

33   Arsenic

74.92160

5.73

8173.7 MPa

603b

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p3

43/2

9.789

0.329

34   Selenium

78.96

4.79

220.5

685

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p4

3P2

9.752

0.321

35   Bromine

79.904

3.12

–7.2

58.8

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p5

23/2

11.814

0.226

36   Krypton

83.80

2.16

157.3873.2 kPa

–153.22

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p6

1S0

14.000

0.248

37   Rubidium

85.4678

1.532

39.30

688

[Kr]            5s

2S1/2

4.177

0.363

38   Strontium

87.62

2.54

777

1382

[Kr]            5s2

1S0

5.695

0.301

39   Yttrium

88.90585

4.46925

1522

3345

[Kr]  4d      5s2

2D3/2

6.217

0.298

40   Zirconium

91.224

6.506

1855

4409

[Kr]  4d2    5s2

3F2

6.634

0.278

41   Niobium

92.90638

8.57

2477

4744

[Kr]  4d4    5s

6D1/2

6.759

0.265

42   Molybdenum

95.94

10.22

2623

4639

[Kr]  4d5    5s

7S3

7.092

0.251

43   Technetium

(98)

11.50a

2157

4265

[Kr]  4d5    5s2

6S5/2

7.28

—

44   Ruthenium

101.07

12.41

2334

4150

[Kr]  4d7    5s

5F5

7.360

0.238

45   Rhodium

102.90550

12.41

1964

3695

[Kr]  4d8    5s

4F9/2

7.459

0.243

46   Palladium

106.42

12.02

1554.9

2963

[Kr]  4d10

1S0

8.337

0.246

47   Silver

107.8682

10.50

961.78

2162

[Kr]  4d10   5s

2S1/2

7.576

0.235

48   Cadmium

112.411

8.65

321.07

767

[Kr]  4d10   5s2

1S0

8.994

0.232

49   Indium

114.818

7.31

156.60

2072

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p

21/2

5.786

0.233

50   Tin

118.710

7.31

231.93

2602

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p2

3P0

7.344

0.228

51   Antimony

121.760

6.691

630.73

1587

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p3

43/2

8.608

0.207

52   Tellurium

127.60

6.24

449.51

988

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p4

3P2

9.010

0.202

53   Iodine

126.90447

4.93

113.7

184.4

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p5

23/2

10.451

0.145

54   Xenon

131.29

3.52

–111.7981.6 kPa

–108.12

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p6

1S0

12.130

0.158


 

 

 

Melting

Boiling

 

 

Ionization

Specific

 

 

Atomic

 

point

point

Ground-state

Ground

energy

heat

 

   Z   Element

weight

Density

(°C)

(°C)

configuration

level

(eV)

(J/g·K)

 

55   Cesium

132.90545

1.873

28.5

671

[Xe]                    6s

2S1/2

3.894

0.242

 

56   Barium

137.327

3.5

727

1897

[Xe]                    6s2

1S0

5.212

0.204

57   Lanthanum

138.9055

6.14525

918

3464

[Xe]           5d     6s2

2D3/2

5.577

0.195

58   Cerium

140.116

6.77025

798

3443

[Xe]  4f      5d     6s2

14

5.539

0.192

59   Praseodymium

140.90765

6.773

931

3520

[Xe]  4f3               6s2

49/2

5.473

0.193

60   Neodymium

144.24

7.00825

1021

3074

[Xe]  4f4               6s2

5I4

5.525

0.190

61   Promethium

(145)

7.26425

1042

3000

[Xe]  4f5               6s2

65/2

5.582

—

62   Samarium

150.36

7.52025

1074

1794

[Xe]  4f6               6s2

7F0

5.644

0.197

63   Europium

151.964

5.24425

822

1529

[Xe]  4f7               6s2

87/2

5.670

0.182

64   Gadolinium

157.25

7.90125

1313

3273

[Xe]  4f7     5d     6s2

92

6.150

0.236

65   Terbium

158.92534

8.230

1356

3230

[Xe]  4f9               6s2

615/2

5.864

0.182

66   Dysprosium

162.50

8.55125

1412

2567

[Xe]  4f10             6s2

5I8

5.939

0.170

 

67   Holmium

164.93032

8.79525

1474

2700

[Xe]  4f11             6s2

415/2

6.022

0.165

 

68   Erbium

167.26

9.06625

1529

2868

[Xe]  4f12             6s2

3H6

6.108

0.168

 

69   Thulium

168.93421

9.32125

1545

1950

[Xe]  4f13             6s2

27/2

6.184

0.160

 

70   Ytterbium

173.04

6.966

819

1196

[Xe]  4f14             6s2

1S0

6.254

0.155

 

71   Lutetium

174.967

9.84125

1663

3402

[Xe]  4f14   5d     6s2

2D3/2

5.426

0.154

 

72   Hafnium

178.49

13.31

2233

4603

[Xe]  4f14   5d2    6s2

3F2

6.825

0.144

 

73   Tantalum

180.9479

16.654

3017

5458

[Xe]  4f14   5d3    6s2

4F3/2

7.550

0.140

 

74   Tungsten

183.84

19.3

3422

5555

[Xe]  4f14   5d4    6s2

5D0

7.864

0.132

 

75   Rhenium

186.207

21.02

3186

5596

[Xe]  4f14   5d5    6s2

6S5/2

7.834

0.137

 

76   Osmium

190.23

22.57

3033

5012

[Xe]  4f14   5d6    6s2

5D4

8.438

0.130

 

77   Iridium

192.217

22.4217

2446

4428

[Xe]  4f14   5d7    6s2

4F9/2

8.967

0.131

 

78   Platinum

195.078

21.45

1768.4

3825

[Xe]  4f14   5d9    6s

3D3

8.959

0.133

 

79   Gold

196.96655

~19.3

1064.18

2856

[Xe]  4f14   5d10   6s

2S1/2

9.226

0.129

 

80   Mercury

200.59

13.546

–38.83

356.73

[Xe]  4f14   5d10   6s2

1S0

10.438

0.140

 

81   Thallium

204.3833

11.85

304

1473

[Xe]  4f14   5d10   6s2 6p

21/2

6.108

0.129

 

82   Lead

207.2

11.35

327.46

1749

[Xe]  4f14   5d10   6s2 6p2

3P0

7.417

0.129

 


 

 

 

Melting

Boiling

 

 

Ionization

Specific

 

Atomic

 

point

point

Ground-state

Ground

energy

heat

   Z   Element

weight

Density

(°C)

(°C)

configuration

level

(eV)

(J/g·K)


83   Bismuth

208.98038

9.747

271.40

1564

[Xe]  4f14   5d10   6s2 6p3

43/2

7.286

0.122

84   Polonium

(209)

9.32

254

962

[Xe]  4f14   5d10   6s2 6p4

3P2

8.417 ?

—

85   Astatine

(210)

—

302

—

[Xe]  4f14   5d10   6s2 6p5

23/2

—

—

86   Radon

(222)

—

–71

–61.7

[Xe]  4f14   5d10   6s2 6p6

1S0

10.748

0.094

87   Francium

(223)

—

27

—

[Rn]                  7s

2S1/2

4.073

—

88   Radium

(226)

—

700

—

[Rn]                  7s2

1S0

5.278

—

89   Actinium

(227)

—

1051

3198

[Rn]           6d   7s2

2D3/2

5.17

0.120

90   Thorium

232.0381

11.72

1750

4788

[Rn]           6d2  7s2

3F2

6.307

0.113

91   Protactinium

231.03588

15.37a

1572

—

[Rn]5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2

(4,3/2)11/2

5.89

—

92   Uranium

238.0289

~18.95

1135

4131

[Rn]5f3(49/2) 6d 7s2

(9/2,3/26

6.194

0.116

93   Neptunium

(237)

20.25

644

—

[Rn]5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2

(4,3/2)11/2

6.266

—

94   Plutonium

(244)

19.8425

640

3228

[Rn]  5f6            7s2

7F0

6.026

—

95   Americium

(243)

13.67

1176

2011

[Rn]  5f7            7s2

87/2

5.974

—

96   Curium

(247)

13.51a

1345

3100

[Rn]  5f7     6d   7s2

92

5.992

—

97   Berkelium

(247)

14 (est.)

1050

—

[Rn]  5f9            7s2

615/2

6.198

—

98   Californium

(251)

—

900

—

[Rn]  5f10          7s2

5I8

6.282

—

99   Einsteinium

(252)

—

860

—

[Rn]  5f11          7s2

415/2

6.42

—

100  Fermium

(257)

—

1527

—

[Rn]  5f12          7s2

3H6

6.50

—

101  Mendelevium

(258)

—

827

—

[Rn]  5f13          7s2

27/2

6.58

—

102  Nobelium

(259)

—

827

—

[Rn]  5f14          7s2

1S0

6.65

—

103  Lawrencium

(262)

—

1627

—

[Rn]  5f14          7s2    7p ?

21/2 ?

4.9 ?

—

104  Rutherfordium

(261)

—

—

—

[Rn]  5f14   6d2  7s2?

3F2 ?

6.0 ?

—

105  Dubnium

(262)

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

106  Seaborgium

(266)

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

107  Bohrium

(264)

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

108  Hassium

(269)

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

109  Meitnerium

(268)

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

aCalculated            bSublimes