X-Ray Data Booklet

Section 5.2  Physical Properties of the Elements

 

Table 5-2 lists several important properties of the elements. Data were taken mostly from D. R. Lide, Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999). Atomic weights apply to elements as they exist naturally on earth; values in parentheses are the mass numbers for the longest-lived isotopes. Some uncertainty exists in the last digit of each atomic weight. Specific heats are given for the ele­ments at 25°C and a pressure of 100 kPa. Densities for solids and liquids are given as specific gravities at 20°C unless other­wise indicated by a superscript temperature (in °C); densities for the gaseous elements are given in g/cm3 for the liquids at their boiling points. The ionization energies were taken from http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/IonEnergy/ ionEnergy. html. A PDF version of this table is also available.

Table 5-2. Properties of the elements.

 

 

 

 

Melting

Boiling

 

 

Ionization

Specific

 

Atomic

 

point

point

Ground-state

Ground

energy

heat

   Z   Element

weight

Density

(°C)

(°C)

configuration

level

(eV)

(J/g·K)

   1   Hydrogen

1.00794

0.0708

–259.34

–252.87

1s

2S1/2

13.598

14.304

   2   Helium

4.002602

0.122

—

–268.93

1s2

1S0

24.587

5.193

   3   Lithium

6.941

0.534

180.50

1342

1s2 2s

2S1/2

5.392

3.582

   4   Beryllium

9.012182

1.848

1287

2471

1s2 2s2

1S0

9.323

1.825

   5   Boron

10.811

2.34

2075

4000

1s2 2s2 2p

2P°1/2

8.298

1.026

   6   Carbon

12.0107

1.9–2.3 (graphite)

449210.3 MPa

3825b

1s2 2s2 2p2

3P0

11.260

0.709

   7   Nitrogen

14.00674

0.808

–210.00

–195.79

1s2 2s2 2p3

4S°3/2

14.534

1.040

   8   Oxygen

15.9994

1.14

–218.79

–182.95

1s2 2s2 2p4

3P2

13.618

0.918

   9   Fluorine

18.9984032

1.50

–219.62

–188.12

1s2 2s2 2p5

2P°3/2

17.423

0.824

10   Neon

20.1797

1.207

–248.59

–246.08

1s2 2s2 2p6

1S0

21.565

1.030

11   Sodium

22.989770

0.971

97.80

883

[Ne]  3s

2S1/2

5.139

1.228

12   Magnesium

24.3050

1.738

650

1090

[Ne]  3s2

1S0

7.646

1.023

13   Aluminum

26.981538

2.6989

660.32

2519

[Ne]  3s2  3p

2P°1/2

5.986

0.897

14   Silicon

28.0855

2.3325

1414

3265

[Ne]  3s2  3p2

3P0

8.152

0.705

15   Phosphorus

30.973761

1.82

44.15

280.5

[Ne]  3s2  3p3

4S°3/2

10.487

0.769

16   Sulfur

32.066

2.07

119.6

444.60

[Ne]  3s2  3p4

3P2

10.360

0.710

17   Chlorine

35.4527

1.56–33.6

–101.5

–34.04

[Ne]  3s2  3p5

2P°3/2

12.968

0.479

18   Argon

39.948

1.40

–189.35

–185.85

[Ne]  3s2  3p6

1S0

15.760

0.520

19   Potassium

39.0983

0.862

63.5

759

[Ar]            4s

2S1/2

4.341

0.757

20   Calcium

40.078

1.55

842

1484

[Ar]            4s2

1S0

6.113

0.647

21   Scandium

44.955910

2.98925

1541

2836

[Ar]  3d      4s2

2D3/2

6.562

0.568

22   Titanium

47.867

4.54

1668

3287

[Ar]  3d2    4s2

3F2

6.828

0.523

23   Vanadium

50.9415

6.1118.7

1910

3407

[Ar]  3d3    4s2

4F3/2

6.746

0.489

24   Chromium

51.9961

7.18–7.20

1907

2671

[Ar]  3d5    4s

7S3

6.766

0.449

25   Manganese

54.938049

7.21–7.44

1246

2061

[Ar]  3d5    4s2

6S5/2

7.434

0.479

26   Iron

55.845

7.874

1538

2861

[Ar]  3d6    4s2

5D4

7.902

0.449

 

 

 

Melting

Boiling

 

 

Ionization

Specific

 

Atomic

 

point

point

Ground-state

Ground

energy

heat

   Z   Element

weight

Density

(°C)

(°C)

configuration

level

(eV)

(J/g·K)

27   Cobalt

58.933200

8.9

1495

2927

[Ar]  3d7    4s2

4F9/2

7.881

0.421

28   Nickel

58.6934

8.90225

1455

2913

[Ar]  3d8    4s2

3F4

7.640

0.444

29   Copper

63.546

8.96

1084.62

2562

[Ar]  3d10   4s

2S1/2

7.726

0.385

30   Zinc

65.39

7.13325

419.53

907

[Ar]  3d10   4s2

1S0

9.394

0.388

31   Gallium

69.723

5.90429.6

29.76

2204

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p

2P°1/2

5.999

0.371

32   Germanium

72.61

5.32325

938.25

2833

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p2

3P0

7.899

0.320

33   Arsenic

74.92160

5.73

8173.7 MPa

603b

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p3

4S°3/2

9.789

0.329

34   Selenium

78.96

4.79

220.5

685

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p4

3P2

9.752

0.321

35   Bromine

79.904

3.12

–7.2

58.8

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p5

2P°3/2

11.814

0.226

36   Krypton

83.80

2.16

157.3873.2 kPa

–153.22

[Ar]  3d10   4s2   4p6

1S0

14.000

0.248

37   Rubidium

85.4678

1.532

39.30

688

[Kr]            5s

2S1/2

4.177

0.363

38   Strontium

87.62

2.54

777

1382

[Kr]            5s2

1S0

5.695

0.301

39   Yttrium

88.90585

4.46925

1522

3345

[Kr]  4d      5s2

2D3/2

6.217

0.298

40   Zirconium

91.224

6.506

1855

4409

[Kr]  4d2    5s2

3F2

6.634

0.278

41   Niobium

92.90638

8.57

2477

4744

[Kr]  4d4    5s

6D1/2

6.759

0.265

42   Molybdenum

95.94

10.22

2623

4639

[Kr]  4d5    5s

7S3

7.092

0.251

43   Technetium

(98)

11.50a

2157

4265

[Kr]  4d5    5s2

6S5/2

7.28

—

44   Ruthenium

101.07

12.41

2334

4150

[Kr]  4d7    5s

5F5

7.360

0.238

45   Rhodium

102.90550

12.41

1964

3695

[Kr]  4d8    5s

4F9/2

7.459

0.243

46   Palladium

106.42

12.02

1554.9

2963

[Kr]  4d10

1S0

8.337

0.246

47   Silver

107.8682

10.50

961.78

2162

[Kr]  4d10   5s

2S1/2

7.576

0.235

48   Cadmium

112.411

8.65

321.07

767

[Kr]  4d10   5s2

1S0

8.994

0.232

49   Indium

114.818

7.31

156.60

2072

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p

2P°1/2

5.786

0.233

50   Tin

118.710

7.31

231.93

2602

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p2

3P0

7.344

0.228

51   Antimony

121.760

6.691

630.73

1587

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p3

4S°3/2

8.608

0.207

52   Tellurium

127.60

6.24

449.51

988

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p4

3P2

9.010

0.202

53   Iodine

126.90447

4.93

113.7

184.4

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p5

2P°3/2

10.451

0.145

54   Xenon

131.29

3.52

–111.7981.6 kPa

–108.12

[Kr]  4d10   5s25p6

1S0

12.130

0.158

 

 

 

Melting

Boiling

 

 

Ionization

Specific